Jay Powell wrangling interest rates |
The Federal Open Markets Committee is the part of the Federal Reserve that handles monetary policy. When you hear about the Federal Reserve raising rates, lowering rates, buying bonds, or launching another program of quantitative easing, this is the group in charge. They meet regularly throughout the year and look deeply at economic data. From that data they decide if money needs to be easier or harder to get, to either slow down or step up the economy.
Generally they target the shortest term interest rates: overnight rates. Large banks fund their operations by borrowing what they need on an overnight basis, so it is a quick way to influence banks and get money into, or take money out of the economy. On the other hand, consumers, businesses and the Federal Government borrow money for generally longer terms. If you have a mortgage, for instance, it's probably a 15 or 30 year loan. Lowering short term rates is great for the bank, and encourages them to lend to you, but it doesn't directly make your 30 year loan cheaper.
Interest rates are the cost of borrowing. High interest rates mean it is expensive for people to borrow money and low interest rates mean it is cheap to borrow. Since the interest payment is often fixed, interest rates have an inverse relationship with the price of the bond or loan. That is, as the price of a bond goes up, the payment stays the same, therefore the interest rate on it goes down.
If the Federal Reserve wants to make it cheaper for consumers, businesses or the government to borrow, it needs to lower longer term interest rates. Since they don't lend to you directly, they have to operate in the open market. With the ability to create or destroy practically infinite amounts of money, the Federal Reserve can be a large player in any market, and their presence can move prices. To lower longer term interest rates, the Federal Reserve buys longer term bonds. These are huge markets, so they need to bring a lot of money to the table. The Quantitative Easing programs of the last ten years were just that: huge purchases of longer dated bonds designed to bring down interest rates for everyone.
Now the Federal Reserve is talking about controlling the yield curve even more. This means that they would be targeting specific interest rates for different loans by maturity or borrower. While traditionally they have only bought Treasury bonds issued by the Federal Government, in QE they stepped out to buying government agency bonds and they have now started buying corporate bonds. In short, they are directly lowering borrowing costs for everyone!
What do lower interest rates mean? Lower interest rates mean it is cheaper to borrow the money used to buy homes, build factories, invest in infrastructure or fund government spending. Those are all big ticket expenses that support the economy through current spending and investment for the future. On the other hand, the cheaper it is to borrow, the more money is chasing the same goods. While money is an important part of the equation, the other side needs to be addressed too. We still need more houses and more people working and more raw materials to make those investments.
The Federal Reserve has a strong hand on an important lever, but the economy is much more complicated that just that.